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lateral reticular nucleus
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UBERON_0002154 |
[A nucleus of the lateral medullary nuclear complex.] |
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gigantocellular nucleus
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UBERON_0002155 |
[Nucleus located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The PGL was originally identified by cytoarchitectural criteria in the human medulla (Olszewski and Baxter, 1954). In humans, the PGL is located in the ventrolateral quadrant of the rostral medullary tegmentum between the nucleus subtrigeminalis caudally, trapezoid body and the superior olive rostrally, nucleus gigantocellularis medially, spinothalamic tract fibers laterally, inferior olive ventrally, and the nucleus ambiguous dorsally (Olszewski and Baxter, 1954). In the rat, the PGL has been further subdivided into retrofacial PGL (caudal to the facial nucleus), and more rostrally located juxtafacial PGL (medial to the facial nucleus), based upon different connectivity.] |
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nucleus raphe magnus
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UBERON_0002156 |
[The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted].] |
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nucleus raphe pallidus
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UBERON_0002157 |
[The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei . The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever . The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli. In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought. [WP,unvetted].] |
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gracile nucleus
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UBERON_0002161 |
[Nucleus in the caudal medulla that receive projections primarily from ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion cells via the posterior column of the spinal cord.] |
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area postrema
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UBERON_0002162 |
[A small, rounded eminence on each side of the fourth ventricle, which receives nerve fibers from the solitary nucleus , spinal cord, and adjacent areas of the medulla. The area postrema lies outside the blood-brain barrier and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor.] |
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inferior cerebellar peduncle
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UBERON_0002163 |
[Regional part of medullary white matter (according to Neuronames) primarily found at the level of the open medulla, consisting of a large bundle of fibers projecting to and projecting from the cerebellum. The icp is continuous with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and also contains a large number of fibers originating in the inferior olivary complex (MM).] |
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nucleus prepositus
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UBERON_0002160 |
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alveolar sac
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UBERON_0002169 |
[The small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters.] |
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obsolete regional part of neostriatum
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UBERON_0026113 |
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right lung
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UBERON_0002167 |
[Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA].] |
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lung
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UBERON_0002048 |
[Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.] |
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left lung
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UBERON_0002168 |
[Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA].] |
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obsolete predominantly Gray regional part of inferior parietal cortex
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UBERON_0026117 |
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foramen ovale of heart
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UBERON_0004754 |
[An anatomical space in the fetal heart that allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium.] |
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rectal salt gland
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UBERON_0004757 |
[An evagination of the terminal portion of the intestine that is capable of secreting high concentrations of excess sodium chloride.] |
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salt gland
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UBERON_0004758 |
[An organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles.[WP].] |
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hypohyal bone
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UBERON_0004751 |
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hypohyal element
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UBERON_0011613 |
[The hypohyal is a ventral element of the hyoid arch which links the ceratohyal and the basihyal.] |
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obsolete regional part of substantia nigra pars reticulata
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UBERON_0028725 |
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